Alabama

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(i)

As of 2010[1]

English 95.1% Spanish 3.1%

Demonym Alabamian[2]

Capital Montgomery

Largest city Birmingham

Largest metro Birmingham metropolitan area

Area Ranked 30th

• Total 52,419 sq mi (135,765 km2)

• Width 190 miles (305 km)

• Length 330 miles (531 km)

• % water 3.20

• Latitude 30° 11′ N to 35° N

• Longitude 84° 53′ W to 88° 28′ W

Population Ranked 24th

• Total 4,863,300 (2016 est.)[3]

• Density 94.7 (2011 est.)/sq mi (36.5 (2011 est.)/km2) Ranked 27th

• Median household income $44,509[4] (47th)

Elevation

• Highest point Mount Cheaha[5][6][7] 2,413 ft (735.5 m)

• Mean 500 ft (150 m)

• Lowest point Gulf of Mexico[6] Sea level

Before statehood Alabama
Alabama Territory

Admission to Union December 14, 1819 (22nd)

Governor Kay Ivey
Kay Ivey (R)

Lieutenant Governor Vacant

Legislature Alabama
Alabama Legislature

• Upper house Senate

• Lower house House of Representatives

U.S. Senators Richard Shelby
Richard Shelby (R) Doug Jones (D)

U.S. House delegation 6 Republicans, 1 Democrat (list)

Time zones

• most of state Central: UTC −6/−5

• Phenix City area Eastern: UTC −5/−4

ISO 3166 US-AL

Abbreviations AL, Ala.

Website alabama.gov

Alabama
Alabama state symbols

The Flag of Alabama

The Seal of Alabama

Living insignia

Amphibian Red Hills salamander

Bird Yellowhammer, wild turkey

Butterfly Eastern tiger swallowtail

Fish Largemouth bass, fighting tarpon

Flower Camellia, oak-leaf hydrangea

Horse breed Racking horse

Insect Monarch butterfly

Mammal American black bear

Reptile Alabama
Alabama red-bellied turtle

Tree Longleaf pine

Inanimate insignia

Beverage Conecuh Ridge Whiskey

Colors Red, white

Dance Square dance

Food Pecan, blackberry, peach

Fossil Basilosaurus

Gemstone Star blue quartz

Mineral Hematite

Rock Marble

Shell Johnstone's junonia

Slogan Share The Wonder, Alabama
Alabama the beautiful, Where America finds its voice, Sweet Home Alabama, "Heart of Dixie"

Soil Bama

Song "Alabama"

State route marker

State quarter

Released in 2003

Lists of United States
United States state symbols

Alabama
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee
Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi
Mississippi to the west. Alabama
Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland waterways, Alabama
Alabama has among the most of any state.[8] Alabama
Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama
Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie" and the " Cotton
Cotton State". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham,[9] which has long been the most industrialized city; the largest city by land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana.[10] From the American Civil War
American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U.S., suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and otherwise discriminate against African Americans from the end of the Reconstruction Era
Reconstruction Era up until at least the 1970s. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature from 1901 to the 1960s. During this time, urban interests and African Americans
African Americans were markedly under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama
Alabama grew as the state's economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state's economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.[11]

Contents

1 Etymology 2 History

2.1 Pre-European settlement 2.2 European settlement 2.3 Early 19th century

2.3.1 Civil War and Reconstruction

2.4 20th century

3 Geography

3.1 Climate 3.2 Flora
Flora and fauna

4 Demographics

4.1 Ancestry 4.2 Census-designated and metropolitan areas 4.3 Cities 4.4 Language 4.5 Religion 4.6 Health

5 Economy

5.1 Largest employers 5.2 Agriculture 5.3 Industry 5.4 Tourism 5.5 Healthcare 5.6 Banking 5.7 Electronics 5.8 Construction

6 Law and government

6.1 State government 6.2 Taxes 6.3 County and local governments 6.4 Politics 6.5 Elections

6.5.1 State elections 6.5.2 Local elections 6.5.3 Federal elections

7 Education

7.1 Primary and secondary education 7.2 Colleges and universities

8 Media 9 Culture

9.1 Literature 9.2 Sports

9.2.1 College sports 9.2.2 Professional sports

10 Transportation

10.1 Aviation 10.2 Rail 10.3 Roads 10.4 Ports

11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links

Etymology[edit]

One of the entrances to Russell Cave in Jackson County. Charcoal from indigenous camp fires in the cave has been dated as early as 6550 to 6145 BC.

The European-American naming of the Alabama River
Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama
Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river.[12] In the Alabama
Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama
Alabama lineage is Albaamo (or variously Albaama or Albàamo in different dialects; the plural form is Albaamaha).[13] The suggestion that "Alabama" was borrowed from the Choctaw language
Choctaw language is unlikely.[14][15] The word's spelling varies significantly among historical sources.[15] The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto
Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540: Garcilaso de la Vega used Alibamo, while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively, in transliterations of the term.[15] As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons.[12] Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou.[15][16][17][18] Sources disagree on the word's meaning. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw
Choctaw alba (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and amo (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather").[15][19][20] The meaning may have been "clearers of the thicket"[19] or "herb gatherers",[20][21] referring to clearing land for cultivation[16] or collecting medicinal plants.[21] The state has numerous place names of Native American origin.[22][23] However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama
Alabama language. An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant "Here We Rest."[15] This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek.[15] Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation.[12][15] History[edit] Main article: History of Alabama Pre-European settlement[edit]

The Moundville Archaeological Site
Moundville Archaeological Site in Hale County. It was occupied by Native Americans of the Mississippian culture
Mississippian culture from 1000 to 1450 AD.

Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River
Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC–AD 700) and continued until European contact.[24] The agrarian Mississippian culture
Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site
Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama.[25][26] This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia
Cahokia in present-day Illinois, which was the center of the culture. Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC).[27] Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture, but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.[28] Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present-day Alabama
Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee, an Iroquoian language
Iroquoian language people; and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati.[29] While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages. European settlement[edit] With exploration in the 16th century, the Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama. The expedition of Hernando de Soto
Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila
Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702.[30] The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711. This area was claimed by the French from 1702 to 1763 as part of La Louisiane.[31] After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years' War, it became part of British West Florida
Florida from 1763 to 1783. After the United States
United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States
United States and Spain. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13, 1813.[31][32] Thomas Bassett, a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile. He settled in the Tombigbee District
Tombigbee District during the early 1770s.[33] The district's boundaries were roughly limited to the area within a few miles of the Tombigbee River
Tombigbee River and included portions of what is today southern Clarke County, northernmost Mobile County, and most of Washington County.[34][35] What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida
Florida in 1783, part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, and was finally added to the Mississippi
Mississippi Territory
Territory in 1812. Most of what is now the northern two-thirds of Alabama
Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands
Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period. It was claimed by the Province of Georgia
Province of Georgia from 1767 onwards. Following the Revolutionary War, it remained a part of Georgia, although heavily disputed.[36][37]

Map showing the formation of the Mississippi
Mississippi and Alabama
Alabama territories

With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third Alabama
Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory
Territory when it was organized in 1798. The Yazoo lands
Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the Yazoo land scandal.[37][38] Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida
Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams–Onís Treaty officially ceded it to the United States
United States in 1819.[32] Early 19th century[edit] Before Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama
Alabama Territory. The United States
United States Congress created the Alabama Territory
Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817. St. Stephens, now abandoned, served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819.[39] Alabama
Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention. From July 5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas
Dallas County.[40]

The main house, built in 1833, at Thornhill in Greene County. It is a former Black Belt plantation.

Cahaba, now a ghost town, was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825.[41] Alabama Fever was underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation.[42][43] Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men.[44] Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South
Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama
Alabama expanded. The economy of the central Black Belt (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew mainly from slave labor.[44] The area also drew many poor, disfranchised people who became subsistence farmers. Alabama
Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810, but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830.[42] Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act
Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830.[45]

Ruins of the former capitol building in Tuscaloosa. Designed by William Nichols, it was built from 1827 to 1829 and was destroyed by fire in 1923.

From 1826 to 1846, Tuscaloosa served as Alabama's capital. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama
Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847.[46] A new capitol building was erected under the direction of Stephen Decatur Button
Stephen Decatur Button of Philadelphia. The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. It was designed by Barachias Holt of Exeter, Maine.[47][48] Civil War and Reconstruction[edit] By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color.[49] On January 11, 1861, Alabama
Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery. Alabama
Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War. Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama
Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort.

Union Army
Union Army troops occupying Courthouse Square in Huntsville, following its capture and occupation by federal forces in 1864.

A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville, Alabama, joined Nathan Bedford Forrest's battalion in Hopkinsville, Kentucky. The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves, collar and coat tails. This led to them being greeted with "Yellowhammer", and the name later was applied to all Alabama
Alabama troops in the Confederate Army.[50] Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865.[51] Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868. From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans
African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state. Alabama
Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three African-American congressmen: Jeremiah Haralson, Benjamin S. Turner, and James T. Rapier.[52] Following the war, the state remained chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. During Reconstruction, state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 that created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation.[52] Organized insurgent, resistance groups tried to suppress the freedmen and Republicans. Besides the short-lived original Ku Klux Klan, these included the Pale Faces, Knights of the White Camellia, Red Shirts, and the White League.[52] Reconstruction in Alabama
Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence. They wrote another constitution in 1875,[52] and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment, prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools.[53] The same year, legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools.[54] Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891.[54] After disfranchising most African Americans and many poor whites in the 1901 constitution, the Alabama
Alabama legislature passed more Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow laws at the beginning of the 20th century to impose segregation in everyday life. 20th century[edit]

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The developing skyline of Birmingham in 1915

The new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans
African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites, through making voter registration difficult, requiring a poll tax and literacy test.[55] The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools. By 1903, only 2,980 African Americans
African Americans were registered in Alabama, although at least 74,000 were literate. This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans
African Americans eligible to vote in 1900. The numbers dropped even more in later decades.[56] The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s: jails were segregated in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945.[54] While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax.[56] By 1941, whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws: 600,000 whites vs. 520,000 African-Americans.[56] Nearly all African Americans
African Americans had lost the ability to vote. Despite numerous legal challenges that succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement. The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens. The rural-dominated Alabama
Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes.[44] Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans
African Americans in the South, the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools. In Alabama
Alabama these schools were designed and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds, which paid one-third of the construction costs. The fund required the local community and state to raise matching funds to pay the rest. Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice, by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools, which were built in many rural areas. They often donated land and labor as well.[57]

The former Mount Sinai School
Mount Sinai School in rural Autauga County, completed in 1919. It was one of the 387 Rosenwald Schools
Rosenwald Schools built in the state.

Beginning in 1913, the first 80 Rosenwald Schools
Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama
Alabama for African-American children. A total of 387 schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state. Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[57] Continued racial discrimination and lynchings, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans
African Americans from rural Alabama
Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South. Reflecting this emigration, the population growth rate in Alabama
Alabama (see "historical populations" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920. At the same time, many rural people, both white and African American, migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs. Birmingham experienced such rapid growth that it was called the "Magic City". By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th-largest city in the United States
United States and had more than 30% of the state's population. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy. Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order.

Beginning in the 1940s, when the courts started taking the first steps to recognize the voting rights of black voters, the Alabama legislature took several counter-steps designed to disfranchise black voters. The legislature passed, and the voters ratified [as these were mostly white voters], a state constitutional amendment that gave local registrars greater latitude to disqualify voter registration applicants. Black citizens in Mobile successfully challenged this amendment as a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. The legislature also changed the boundaries of Tuskegee to a 28-sided figure designed to fence out blacks from the city limits. The Supreme Court unanimously held that this racial "gerrymandering" violated the Constitution. In 1961, ... the Alabama
Alabama legislature also intentionally diluted the effect of the black vote by instituting numbered place requirements for local elections.[58]

Industrial development related to the demands of World War II
World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war.[44] Rural workers poured into the largest cities in the state for better jobs and a higher standard of living. One example of this massive influx of workers occurred in Mobile. Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war-related industries.[59] Cotton
Cotton and other cash crops faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population, as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. In addition, the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside Birmingham. One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, "a minority of about 25 per cent of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama
Alabama legislature."[60] A class action suit initiated on behalf of plaintiffs in Lowndes County, Alabama, challenged the state legislature's lack of redistricting for congressional seats. In 1962 White v. Crook, Judge Frank M. Johnson ordered the state to redistrict. United States Supreme Court cases of Baker v. Carr
Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964) ruled that the principle of "one man, one vote" needed to be the basis of both houses of state legislatures as well, and that their districts had to be based on population, rather than geographic counties, as Alabama
Alabama had used for its senate. In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature completed the first congressional redistricting based on the decennial census. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than 60 years.[60] Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts. African Americans
African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civil rights movement, including legal challenges. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama
Alabama was slow to comply. During the 1960s, under Governor George Wallace, Alabama
Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation. The civil rights movement had notable events in Alabama, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56), Freedom Rides
Freedom Rides in 1961, and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964[61] and Voting Rights Act of 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress. Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964, but Jim Crow
Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court.[62] According to the New York Times, by 2017, many of Alabama's African-Americans were living in Alabama's "cities, particularly Birmingham and Montgomery. In addition, the rural Black Belt (called that for its soil) that stretches across the middle of the state is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African-American. These counties include Dallas, Lowndes, Marengo and Perry."[63] Despite recommendations of a 1973 Alabama
Alabama Constitutional Commission, the state legislature did not approve an amendment to establish home rule for counties. There is very limited home rule, but the legislature is deeply involved in passing legislation that applies to county-level functions and policies. This both deprives local residents of the ability to govern themselves and distracts the legislature from statewide issues. Alabama
Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation. In the 1980s, an omnibus redistricting case, Dillard v. Crenshaw County, challenged the at-large voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama
Alabama jurisdictions, including counties and school boards. At-large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county, as the majority tended to take all seats. Despite African Americans
African Americans making up a significant minority in the state, they had been unable to elect any representatives in most of the at-large jurisdictions. As part of settlement of this case, five Alabama
Alabama cities and counties, including Chilton County, adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions. This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters. In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting, as in Conecuh County. In 1982, limited voting was first tested in Conecuh County. Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans
African Americans and women being elected to local offices, resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens.[64] Geography[edit]

A general map of Alabama

Main article: Geography of Alabama See also: List of Alabama counties
List of Alabama counties and Geology of Alabama Alabama
Alabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States
United States with 52,419 square miles (135,760 km2) of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama
Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States.[65] About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi
Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama
North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee
Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.[66] Alabama
Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee
Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida
Florida to the south, and Mississippi
Mississippi to the west. Alabama
Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state.[66] The state ranges in elevation from sea level[67] at Mobile Bay
Mobile Bay to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha,[66] at a height of 2,413 ft (735 m).[68] Alabama's land consists of 22 million acres (89,000 km2) of forest or 67% of total land area.[69] Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.[70] Areas in Alabama
Alabama administered by the National Park Service
National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park
Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site
Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.[71] Additionally, Alabama
Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. Bankhead.[72] Alabama
Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail. A notable natural wonder in Alabama
Alabama is "Natural Bridge" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville. A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka
Wetumpka crater, the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster." A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.[73] The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka
Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater
Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.[74] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.[75] Climate[edit] Main article: Climate of Alabama

Autumn tree in Birmingham

The state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Koppen Climate Classification.[76] The average annual temperature is 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.[77] Generally, Alabama
Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama
Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.[77] Summers in Alabama
Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama
Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken. South Alabama
South Alabama reports many thunderstorms. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama
Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.[78]

Tornado damage in Phil Campbell following the statewide April 27, 2011, tornado outbreak.

Alabama, along with Oklahoma, has the most reported EF5 tornadoes of any state, according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to June 2013.[79] Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama
Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state. The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak
1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak. The 2011 Super Outbreak
2011 Super Outbreak produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state. The tally reached 62.[80]

Snowfall outside Birmingham City Hall in February 2010

The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama
Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December, along with the spring severe weather season. The northern part of the state—along the Tennessee
Tennessee Valley—is one of the areas in the U.S. most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama
Alabama and Mississippi
Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie
Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley
Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains. Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile and around 32 °F (0 °C) in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is 2 inches (51 mm) per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall. Alabama's highest temperature of 112 °F (44 °C) was recorded on September 5, 1925, in the unincorporated community of Centerville. The record low of −27 °F (−33 °C) occurred on January 30, 1966, in New Market.[81]

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama
Alabama cities [°F (°C)]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Huntsville

Birmingham

Montgomery

Mobile

Cities in Alabama

Huntsville Average high 48.9 (9.4) 54.6 (12.6) 63.4 (17.4) 72.3 (22.4) 79.6 (26.4) 86.5 (30.3) 89.4 (31.9) 89.0 (31.7) 83.0 (28.3) 72.9 (22.7) 61.6 (16.4) 52.4 (11.3) 71.1 (21.7)

Average low 30.7 (-0.7) 34.0 (1.1) 41.2 (5.1) 48.4 (9.1) 57.5 (14.2) 65.4 (18.6) 69.5 (20.8) 68.1 (20.1) 61.7 (16.5) 49.6 (9.8) 40.7 (4.8) 33.8 (1.0) 50.1 (10.1)

Birmingham Average high 52.8 (11.6) 58.3 (14.6) 66.5 (19.2) 74.1 (23.4) 81.0 (27.2) 87.5 (30.8) 90.6 (32.6) 90.2 (32.3) 84.6 (29.2) 74.9 (23.8) 64.5 (18.1) 56.0 (13.3) 73.4 (23.0)

Average low 32.3 (0.2) 35.4 (1.9) 42.4 (5.8) 48.4 (9.1) 57.6 (14.2) 65.4 (18.6) 69.7 (20.9) 68.9 (20.5) 63.0 (17.2) 50.9 (10.5) 41.8 (5.4) 35.2 (1.8) 50.9 (10.5)

Montgomery Average high 57.6 (14.2) 62.4 (16.9) 70.5 (21.4) 77.5 (25.3) 84.6 (29.2) 90.6 (32.6) 92.7 (33.7) 92.2 (33.4) 87.7 (30.9) 78.7 (25.9) 68.7 (20.4) 60.3 (15.7) 77.0 (25.0)

Average low 35.5 (1.9) 38.6 (3.7) 45.4 (7.4) 52.1 (11.2) 60.1 (15.6) 67.3 (19.6) 70.9 (21.6) 70.1 (21.2) 64.9 (18.3) 52.2 (11.2) 43.5 (6.4) 37.6 (3.1) 53.2 (11.8)

Mobile Average high 60.7 (15.9) 64.5 (18.1) 71.2 (21.8) 77.4 (25.2) 84.2 (29.0) 89.4 (31.9) 91.2 (32.9) 90.8 (32.7) 86.8 (30.4) 79.2 (26.2) 70.1 (21.2) 62.9 (17.2) 77.4 (25.2)

Average low 39.5 (4.2) 42.4 (5.8) 49.2 (9.6) 54.8 (12.7) 62.8 (17.1) 69.2 (20.7) 71.8 (22.1) 71.7 (22.0) 67.6 (19.8) 56.3 (13.5) 47.8 (8.8) 41.6 (5.3) 56.2 (13.4)

Source: NOAA[82][83][84][85]

Flora
Flora and fauna[edit]

A stand of Cahaba lilies (Hymenocallis coronaria) in the Cahaba River, within the Cahaba River
Cahaba River National Wildlife Refuge.

Main articles: List of amphibians of Alabama, List of mammals of Alabama, List of reptiles of Alabama, and Trees of Alabama Alabama
Alabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna, due largely to a variety of habitats that range from the Tennessee
Tennessee Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont, Canebrake and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain
Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico in the south. The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity.[86][87] Alabama
Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state.[86] It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora. It is home to nearly 4,000 pteridophyte and spermatophyte plant species.[88] Indigenous animal species in the state include 62 mammal species,[89] 93 reptile species,[90] 73 amphibian species,[91] roughly 307 native freshwater fish species,[86] and 420 bird species that spend at least part of their year within the state.[92] Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species. 113 of these mollusk species have never been collected outside the state.[93][94] Demographics[edit]

Alabama's population density

Main article: Demographics of Alabama

Historical population

Census Pop.

%±

1800 1,250

—

1810 9,046

623.7%

1820 127,901

1,313.9%

1830 309,527

142.0%

1840 590,756

90.9%

1850 771,623

30.6%

1860 964,201

25.0%

1870 996,992

3.4%

1880 1,262,505

26.6%

1890 1,513,401

19.9%

1900 1,828,697

20.8%

1910 2,138,093

16.9%

1920 2,348,174

9.8%

1930 2,646,248

12.7%

1940 2,832,961

7.1%

1950 3,061,743

8.1%

1960 3,266,740

6.7%

1970 3,444,165

5.4%

1980 3,893,888

13.1%

1990 4,040,587

3.8%

2000 4,447,100

10.1%

2010 4,779,745

7.5%

Est. 2017 4,874,747

2.0%

Sources: 1910–2010[95] 2015 estimate[96]

The United States
United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alabama
Alabama was 4,858,979 on July 1, 2015,[96] which represents an increase of 79,243, or 1.66%, since the 2010 Census.[97] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 people (that is 502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 people into the state.[98] Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people.[98] The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were undocumented (24,000). The center of population of Alabama
Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside the town of Jemison.[99] Ancestry[edit] According to the 2010 Census, Alabama
Alabama had a population of 4,779,736. The racial composition of the state was 68.5% White (67.0% Non-Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic White and 1.5% Hispanic White), 26.2% Black or African American, 3.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 1.1% Asian, 0.6% American Indian and Alaska
Alaska Native, 0.1% Native Hawaiian
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 2.0% from Some Other Race, and 1.5% from Two or More Races.[100] In 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[101] The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama
Alabama are: African (26.2%), English (23.6%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scots-Irish (2.0%).[102][103][104] Those citing "American" ancestry in Alabama
Alabama are generally of English or British ancestry; many Anglo-Americans identify as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in some cases since the 1600s. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20–23% of people in Alabama
Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and that the figure is likely higher. In the 1980 census, 41% of the people in Alabama
Alabama identified as being of English ancestry, making them the largest ethnic group at the time.[105][106][107][108][109]

Alabama
Alabama racial population breakdown

Racial composition 1990[110] 2000[111] 2010[112]

White 73.6% 71.1% 68.5%

Black 25.3% 26.0% 26.2%

Asian 0.5% 0.7% 1.1%

Native 0.4% 0.5% 0.6%

Native Hawaiian
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander – – 0.1%

Other race 0.1% 0.6% 2.0%

Two or more races – 1.0% 1.5%

Based on historic migration and settlement patterns in the southern colonies and states, demographers estimated there are more people in Alabama
Alabama of Scots-Irish origins than self-reported.[113] Many people in Alabama
Alabama claim Irish ancestry because of the term Scots-Irish but, based on historic immigration and settlement, their ancestors were more likely Protestant
Protestant Scots-Irish coming from northern Ireland, where they had been for a few generations as part of the English colonization.[114] The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed.[115] In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, the state legislature established the Alabama
Alabama Indian Affairs Commission.[116] Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation, the Native American peoples, who have sometimes been of mixed race, have insisted on having their cultural identification respected. In the past, their self-identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black. The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes
Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast. These are:[117]

Poarch Band of Creek Indians (who also have federal recognition), MOWA Band of Choctaw
Choctaw Indians, Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks, Echota Cherokee
Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, Cherokee
Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama, Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians, Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe, Piqua Shawnee
Shawnee Tribe, and Ani-Yun-Wiya Nation.

The state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day.[118] Census-designated and metropolitan areas[edit] Main article: List of metropolitan areas of Alabama

Birmingham, largest city and largest metropolitan area

Montgomery, second-largest city and fourth-largest metropolitan area

Huntsville, third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area

Mobile, fourth-largest city and third-largest metropolitan area

Combined statistical areas[119]

Rank Combined statistical area Population (2016 estimate) Population (2010 Census)

1 Birmingham–Hoover–Talladega 1,361,299 1,302,283

2 Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton[CSA 1] 954,228 923,460

3 Huntsville–Decatur–Albertville 768,033 664,441

4 Mobile–Daphne–Fairhope 623,399 595,257

5 Columbus–Auburn–Opelika[CSA 2] 501,589 469,327

6 Dothan–Enterprise–Ozark 248,286 245,838

^ In Alabama, only Jackson County (2016 population: 52,138; 2010 population: 53,227) is included in the Chattanooga CSA) ^ In Alabama, only Lee, Russell, and Chambers Counties (total 2016 population: 251,006; total 2010 population: 227,409) are included in the Columbus CSA)

Metropolitan areas[120]

Rank Metropolitan area Population (2016 estimate) Population (2010 Census)

1 Birmingham–Hoover 1,147,417 1,128,047

2 Huntsville 449,720 417,593

3 Mobile 414,836 412,992

4 Montgomery 373,922 374,536

5 Tuscaloosa 241,378 230,162

6 Daphne–Fairhope–Foley 208,563 182,265

7 Decatur 152,256 153,829

8 Dothan 147,834 145,639

9 Auburn–Opelika 158,991 140,247

10 Florence–Muscle Shoals 146,534 147,137

11 Anniston–Oxford–Jacksonville 114,611 118,572

12 Gadsden 102,564 104,430

Cities[edit] Main article: List of cities and towns in Alabama

Largest cities[121]

Rank City Population (2016 census estimates) County

1 Birmingham 212,157 Jefferson Shelby

2 Montgomery 200,022 Montgomery

3 Huntsville 193,079 Madison Limestone

4 Mobile 192,904 Mobile

5 Tuscaloosa 99,543 Tuscaloosa

6 Hoover 84,978 Jefferson Shelby

7 Dothan 68,468 Houston

8 Auburn 63,118 Lee

9 Decatur 55,072 Morgan Limestone

10 Madison 47,959 Madison Limestone

11 Florence 39,959 Lauderdale

12 Phenix City 37,132 Russell

13 Gadsden 35,837 Etowah

14 Prattville 35,606 Autauga

15 Vestavia Hills 34,688 Jefferson Shelby

Language[edit] 95.1% of all Alabama
Alabama residents five years old or older spoke only English at home in 2010, a minor decrease from 96.1% in 2000. Alabama English is predominantly Southern,[122] and is related to South Midland speech which was taken across the border from Tennessee. In the major Southern speech region, there is the decreasing loss of the final /r/, for example the /boyd/ pronunciation of 'bird'. In the northern third of the state, there is a South Midland 'arm' and 'barb' rhyming with 'form' and 'orb'. Unique words in Alabama
Alabama English include: redworm (earthworm), peckerwood (woodpecker), snake doctor and snake feeder (dragonfly), tow sack (burlap bag), plum peach (clingstone), French harp (harmonica), and dog irons (andirons).[122]

Top non-English languages spoken in Alabama

Language Percentage of population (as of 2010[update])[123]

Spanish 2.2%

German 0.4%

French (incl. Patois, Cajun) 0.3%

Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Arabic, African languages, Japanese, and Italian (tied) 0.1%

Religion[edit]

Highlands United Methodist Church
United Methodist Church in Birmingham, part of the Five Points South Historic District

Temple B'Nai Sholom in Huntsville, established in 1876. It is the oldest synagogue building in continuous use in the state.

The Islamic Center of Tuscaloosa, one of the Islamic centers that contain a mosque and facilities for the cultural needs of Muslims in the state.

In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey, 86% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian, including 6% Catholic, and 11% as having no religion.[124] The composition of other traditions is 0.5% Mormon, 0.5% Jewish, 0.5% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, and 0.5% Hindu.[125]

Religious affiliation in Alabama
Alabama (2014)[126]

Affiliation % of population

Christian 86 86

Protestant 78 78

Evangelical Protestant 49 49

Mainline Protestant 13 13

Black church 16 16

Catholic 7 7

Mormon 1 1

Jehovah's Witnesses 0.1 0.1

Eastern Orthodox 0.1 0.1

Other Christian 0.1 0.1

Unaffiliated 12 12

Nothing in particular 9 9

Agnostic 1 1

Atheist 1 1

Non-Christian faiths 1 1

Jewish 0.2 0.2

Muslim 0.2 0.2

Buddhist 0.2 0.2

Hindu 0.2 0.2

Other Non-Christian faiths 0.2 0.2

Don't know/refused answer 1 1

Total 100 100

Further information on Christianity
Christianity in Alabama: History of Baptists in Alabama, List of Baptist churches in Alabama, Episcopal Diocese of Alabama, Episcopal Diocese of the Central Gulf Coast, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile, Roman Catholic
Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Alabama Alabama
Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt, a region of numerous Protestant
Protestant Christians. Alabama
Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly.[127] A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant. As of 2010[update], the three largest denominational groups in Alabama
Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention, The United Methodist Church, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant.[128] In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant
Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic
Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents. Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening
Great Awakening of the early 19th century, when preachers proselytized across the South. The Assemblies of God
Assemblies of God had almost 60,000 members, the Churches of Christ
Churches of Christ had nearly 120,000 members. The Presbyterian churches, strongly associated with Scots-Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants, had a combined membership around 75,000 (PCA – 28,009 members in 108 congregations, PC(USA)
PC(USA) – 26,247 members in 147 congregations,[129] the Cumberland Presbyterian Church
Cumberland Presbyterian Church – 6,000 members in 59 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America
Presbyterian Church in America – 5,000 members and 50 congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and 9 congregations).[130] In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.[131] In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.[132][133] Although in much smaller numbers, many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well, including Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, the Bahá'í Faith, and Unitarian Universalism.[130] Jews have been present in what is now Alabama
Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile, when Sephardic Jews
Sephardic Jews immigrated from London.[134] The oldest Jewish
Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile. It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844.[134] Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe. Jewish
Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox, four Conservative, ten Reform, and one Humanistic synagogue.[135] Muslims have been increasing in Alabama, with 31 mosques built by 2011, many by African-American converts.[136] Several Hindu
Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants, the best-known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham, the Hindu
Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham, the Hindu
Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama
North Alabama in Capshaw, and the Hindu
Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa.[137][138] There are six Dharma centers and organizations for Theravada Buddhists.[139] Most monastic Buddhist
Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County, near Bayou La Batre. This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter.[140] The four temples within a ten-mile radius of Bayou La Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan.[141][142][143] The first community of adherents of the Baha'i Faith
Baha'i Faith in Alabama
Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope. Baha'i Centers in Alabama
Alabama exist in Birmingham, Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, and Florence, Alabama.[144] Health[edit] A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama
Alabama was a problem, with most counties having over 29% of adults obese, except for ten which had a rate between 26% and 29%.[145] Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time.[146] Alabama, and the southeastern U.S. in general, has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.[147][148] Economy[edit] See also: Alabama
Alabama locations by per capita income The state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama
Alabama was valued at $1.5 billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about 1% of the state's gross domestic product. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates.[149] Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving.[11] According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170 billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information.[150] In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.[151] The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015.[152] This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%.[153] Alabama
Alabama has no state minimum wage and uses the federal minimum wage of $7.25. In February 2016, the state passed legislation that prevents Alabama
Alabama municipalities from raising the minimum wage in their locality. The legislation voids a Birmingham city ordinance that was to raise the city's minimum wage to $10.10.[154] Largest employers[edit]

The Space Shuttle Enterprise
Space Shuttle Enterprise being tested at Marshall Space Flight Center in 1978.

Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama
Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama in Montgomery in 2010

Shelby Hall, School of Computing, at the University of South Alabama in Mobile

The five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama
Alabama in April 2011 were:[155]

Employer Employees

Redstone Arsenal 25,373

University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Alabama at Birmingham (includes UAB Hospital) 18,750

Maxwell Air Force Base 12,280

State of Alabama 9,500

Mobile County Public School System 8,100

The next twenty largest employers, as of 2011[update], included:[156]

Employer Location

Anniston Army Depot Anniston

AT&T Multiple

Auburn University Auburn

Baptist Medical Center South Montgomery

Birmingham City Schools Birmingham

City of Birmingham Birmingham

DCH Health System Tuscaloosa

Huntsville City Schools Huntsville

Huntsville Hospital System Huntsville

Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama Montgomery

Infirmary Health System Mobile

Jefferson County Board of Education Birmingham

Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville

Mercedes-Benz U.S. International Vance

Montgomery Public Schools Montgomery

Regions Financial Corporation Multiple

Boeing Multiple

University of Alabama Tuscaloosa

University of South Alabama Mobile

Walmart Multiple

Agriculture[edit] Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama
Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports,[157][158] with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi
Mississippi comprising the top three. Industry[edit] Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. In addition, Alabama
Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.

Mercedes-Benz U.S. International
Mercedes-Benz U.S. International in Tuscaloosa County was the first automotive facility to locate within the state.

A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama
Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports.[159] Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012.[160] The eight models produced at the state's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012. The strongest model sales during this period were the Hyundai Elantra compact car, the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class
Mercedes-Benz GL-Class sport utility vehicle and the Honda Ridgeline
Honda Ridgeline sport utility truck.[161]

Airbus
Airbus Mobile Engineering Center at the Brookley Aeroplex in Mobile

Steel producers Outokumpu, Nucor, SSAB, ThyssenKrupp, and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama
Alabama and employ over 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp
ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility.[162] ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu
Outokumpu in 2012.[163] The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp
ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal
ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel
Nippon Steel for $1.6 billion in March 2013. Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional
Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert, plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp
ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil, for $3.8 billion.[164] In July 2013, the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal
ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel.[165] The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville.[166] JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.[167] The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden that employs about 1,400 people. It has been in operation since 1929. Construction of an Airbus A320 family
Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus
Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. Construction began in 2013, with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017.[168][169] The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States.[170] It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus
Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction
Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility.[171] Tourism[edit]

Alabama's beaches are one of the state's major tourist destinations.

An estimated 20 million tourists visit the state each year. Over 100,000 of these are from other countries, including from Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan.[citation needed] In 2006, 22.3 million travellers spent $8.3 billion providing an estimated 162,000 jobs in the state.[172][173][not in citation given] Some of the most popular areas include the Rocket City of Huntsville, the beaches along the Gulf, and the state's capitol in Montgomery.[174] Healthcare[edit] UAB Hospital
UAB Hospital is the only Level I trauma center in Alabama.[175][176] UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000.[177] Banking[edit]

Regions-Harbert Plaza, Regions Center, and Wells Fargo
Wells Fargo Tower in Birmingham's financial district.

Alabama
Alabama has the headquarters of Regions Financial Corporation, BBVA Compass, Superior Bancorp and the former Colonial Bancgroup. Birmingham-based Compass Banchshares was acquired by Spanish-based BBVA
BBVA in September 2007, although the headquarters of BBVA
BBVA Compass remains in Birmingham. In November 2006, Regions Financial completed its merger with AmSouth Bancorporation, which was also headquartered in Birmingham. SouthTrust Corporation, another large bank headquartered in Birmingham, was acquired by Wachovia
Wachovia in 2004 for $14.3 billion. The city still has major operations for Wachovia
Wachovia and its now post-operating bank Wells Fargo, which includes a regional headquarters, an operations center campus and a $400 million data center. Nearly a dozen smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham, such as Superior Bancorp, ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation. Electronics[edit] Telecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, has a major presence in Alabama
Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham. The company has over 6,000 employees and more than 1,200 contract employees. Many commercial technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as network access company ADTRAN, computer graphics company Intergraph, and IT infrastructure company Avocent. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray Discs out of its Huntsville plant. Construction[edit] Rust International has grown to include Brasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction
Hoar Construction and B.L. Harbert International, which all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms. (Rust International was acquired in 2000 by Washington Group International, which was in turn acquired by San-Francisco based URS Corporation
URS Corporation in 2007.)

Law and government[edit] State government[edit]

The State Capitol Building in Montgomery, completed in 1851

Main article: Government of Alabama The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is by some accounts the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution.[178][179][180][181] There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution.[182] Critics argue that Alabama's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature, leaving practically no power in local hands. Most counties do not have home rule. Any policy changes proposed in different areas of the state must be approved by the entire Alabama
Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally codify segregation and racism.

The Heflin-Torbert Judicial Building in Montgomery. It houses the Supreme Court of Alabama, Alabama
Alabama Court of Civil Appeals, and Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals.

Alabama's government is divided into three coequal branches. The legislative branch is the Alabama
Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama
Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama
Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature
Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature
Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto). Until 1964, the state elected state senators on a geographic basis by county, with one per county. It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901; as a result, urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented. It had not changed legislative districts to reflect the decennial censuses, either. In Reynolds v. Sims
Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the US Supreme Court implemented the principle of "one man, one vote", ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses (as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented.) Further, the court ruled that both houses of bicameral state legislatures had to be apportioned by population, as there was no constitutional basis for states to have geographically based systems. At that time, Alabama
Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting, as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts. This had caused decades of underinvestment in such areas. For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one-third of the state budget, but Jefferson County received only 1/67th of state services in funding. Through the legislative delegations, the Alabama
Alabama legislature kept control of county governments.

Governor Kay Ivey
Kay Ivey is the current and second female Governor of Alabama. She is the only Republican female Governor in the state's history.

The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the Governor of Alabama. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the Attorney General of Alabama, the Alabama
Alabama Secretary of State, the Alabama
Alabama State Treasurer, and the State Auditor of Alabama. The current governor of the state is Republican Kay Ivey. The office of lieutenant governor is currently vacant. The members of the Legislature
Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January.[183] The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The state's highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama. Alabama
Alabama uses partisan elections to select judges. Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized.[184] The current chief justice of the Alabama
Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Lyn Stuart. All sitting justices on the Alabama
Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party. There are two intermediate appellate courts, the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four trial courts: the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts.[184] Some critics believe that the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions.[185] Alabama
Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger.[186] Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the Supreme Court has overturned[187] 24 convictions in death penalty cases.[citation needed] It was the only state to allow judges to override jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment without parole (LWOP) that were voted unanimously by juries.[186] This judicial authority was removed in April 2017.[188] Taxes[edit] Alabama
Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5 percent personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama
Alabama state tax, and can do so even if taking the standard deduction. Taxpayers who file itemized deductions are also allowed to deduct the Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (Social Security and Medicare tax). The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.[189] Sales tax rates for cities and counties are also added to purchases.[190] For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means that a diner in Mobile would pay an 11% tax on a meal. As of 1999[update], sales and excise taxes in Alabama
Alabama account for 51% of all state and local revenue, compared with an average of about 36% nationwide.[191] Alabama
Alabama is one of seven states that levy a tax on food at the same rate as other goods, and one of two states (the other being neighboring Mississippi) which fully taxes groceries without any offsetting relief for low-income families. (Most states exempt groceries from sales tax or apply a lower tax rate.)[192] Alabama's income tax on poor working families is among the highest in the United States.[191] Alabama
Alabama is the only state that levies income tax on a family of four with income as low as $4,600, which is barely one-quarter of the federal poverty line.[191] Alabama's threshold is the lowest among the 41 states and the District of Columbia with income taxes.[191] The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama
Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.[193] Property taxes are the lowest in the U.S. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes. Since Alabama's tax structure largely depends on consumer spending, it is subject to high variable budget structure. For example, in 2003, Alabama
Alabama had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million. County and local governments[edit]

Alabama
Alabama counties (clickable map)

See also[edit]

Alabama
Alabama portal

Outline of Alabama
Outline of Alabama – organized list of topics about Alabama Index of Alabama-related articles

References[edit]

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